Climate Change Problems For The Fiji Islands Environmental Sciences Essay

This paper explores the hazards that climate alteration airss to the touristry development in Fiji islands. It shows the inauspicious effects of the altering clime and the dangers pose by the touristry activities and besides pose a major jeopardy for the local people in the part. It besides deals with the unsafe C emanations and CO2 consequence on the landscape, nutrient, H2O, energy. Cardinal words: Pacific, clime alteration, C and CO2 emanations.IntroductionThe Pacific is the world`s largest ocean with a surface country of 175 million sq kilometer and constitutes for 40 % of the planet`s Waterss. Located in the tropical latitudes, it covers more than half the globe`s perimeter. Temperature of the surface H2O in the western tropical parts is ever more than 28 ISC over a deepness of several hundred metres. This makes up the world`s storage of thermic energy for exchange with ambiance. Here the interaction between ambiance and ocean is most utmost and influences the clime non merely regionally but planet-wide. The states of the Pacific are obscured human colonies absorbed in this huge fluid existence. The ocean is the most of import factor commanding the environment and life. Hence any alteration in pelagic conditions and climatic alterations are of import for environment and life ( Philander, 1990 ) . The average clime of a part is defined by the mean conditions observed over 3 decennaries or more, sing all features that makes conditions felt by everyone and predicted by meteorologists. The chief features are temperature, air current conditions, atmospheric force per unit area, cloud screen and rainfall. The south Pacific is bounded by an country of low force per unit area near the equator and high force per unit area around 30 S analogue. North-south force per unit area creates the regular air currents in these two countries known as the south-east trades ( Philander, 1990 ) . Any alteration in earth`s clime has an impact on world, biodiversity, wellness and services provided by ecosystems worldwide. For accommodating to such clime alterations it is necessary to understand fluctuation of clime, why and how the clime alterations, and how it impacts the earth`s ecosystems. Climate manner is an of import manner of understanding clime variableness, alterations and impacts. Earth`s clime is altering and such alterations tend to take topographic point with different forms which may be characterised by one or many manners of the clime systems ( Philander, 1990 ) . Fiji is the largest touristry finish in the south Pacific but international reachings are unstable over the last 5 old ages because of harmful events like political putsch in Fiji in 2000, terrorist onslaughts in United States on 11th September 2001, the Bali onslaught in 2002, and terrible acute respiratory syndrome eruption in Asia in 2003. Tourism is endangered to natural jeopardies and catastrophes like temblors, tsunamis, inundation, drouths, and cyclones. Climate alteration is an of import feature in catastrophe direction as it is likely to impact Fiji through sea degree rise and storm rush, altering temperature and utmost conditions events ( Wilbanks, 2003 ) . About 400,000 tourer visited Fiji in 2002 with an mean length of stay of 8 yearss. While most visitants come for remainder and relaxation linked to beach environments, current selling runs aim to switch the image from pure beach publicity to a wider experience ( Ministry of tourism-Fiji, 2003 ) . The chief purpose of this journal paper is to analyse effects of clime alteration in Fiji islands and accommodating and minimising clime alteration by the tourer resorts. The ground for behind this is that studies and interviews were undertaken ensuing in many operators already prepared for clime related alterations and adapt to possible impacts ensuing in clime alteration.MethodTourism in Fiji is mostly based on resorts therefore adjustment sector is outstanding touristry sub-sector. Tourists spend most of their clip at the resorts. For the above grounds it was appropriate to concentrate on this analysis of adjustment.Effectss of clime alteration on touristry in FijiTourism operators are familiar with ecological factors like strong reefs and plain H2O crucial for touristry in Fiji. Operators were witting of the clime alteration associated impacts like cyclones, the walloping of coral reefs and deluging. Contaminated H2O was related to mounting H2O temperature and clime alteration. I ncreasing sea degrees were mentioned by three concerns, two of which lie in low lying Mamanuca Islands. Generally adjustment concern had experienced at least one of the clime related impact. The most common impacts were eroding, H2O handiness, and break of electricity. Many resorts were affected by cyclones ensuing in coral bleaching and belongings injury ( Short, 2004 ) . Climate related impacts antecedently experienced Frequency out of 25 Remarks by respondents Shore line/beach eroding 9 Banks on border property/beach give manner Decreased H2O handiness 9 In recent drouths Interrupted supply concatenation 8 Power cuts Coral bleaching 8 Noticed by tourers, snorkelling affected Damage to belongings 5 From sea rush Sea degree rise 3–Storm frequence and strength 3 Care of gardens ( Short, 2004 ) . Eight concerns said that they were non affected by any of the factors listed. There are five countries located in the Mamanuca Islands, which are comparatively exposed to climate alteration due to the hazard of cyclones, sea degree rise, hapless H2O quality, vanishing corals, and unequal H2O handiness. There is demand of apprehension of clime alteration jobs and the directors do non portion the jobs faced by clime alteration ( Short, 2004 ) . Tourist adjustment uses big assortment of energy resources with electrical energy created from hydropower or Diesel generator being most of import for energy usage. Petrol and Diesel is use for concern vehicles and other intents. Besides liquefied crude oil gas is used by most concerns largely for cookery, hot H2O and in wash. Energy use and nursery gas emanations differ loosely for diverse concerns. The criterion of adjustment and geographical location are the two factors that have major influence on energy ingestion and carbon-dioxide emanations ( Becken, 2002 ) . Tourist adjustment in the Mamanuca Islands is about 2-3 times every bit carbon-intensive as that in Viti Levu. The key cause for this is in electricity coevals, which is to a great extent less carbon-intensive in Viti Levu. Because of the high measure of renewable energy beginnings ( hydro and bagasse ) compared with Diesel production on islands with its natural insufficiency ( about 65-70 % of energy input is lost during the procedure of coevals ) . Resorts on distant islands run more or less self-sufficiently, and therefore have auxiliary energy demands ( e.g. , sewerage intervention, stop deading trash ) . Transport energy use is besides high given that non merely do tourers hold to be transported to and from the resort, but so besides do nutrient supplies, energy ( Diesel and gas ) , H2O and other devices required for runing the resort ( Becken, 2002 ) . The unsmooth executable estimation is obtained of energy usage and C monoxide emanations related with touristry for the Fiji. The entire figure of visitor darks spent in Fiji was 2,891,295 in 2002 ( Department of energy, 2003 ) . 82 % of visitor-nights were spent in hotels, 13 % in backpacker/budget adjustment, and the staying darks were being spent in motels, on boats or in other signifiers of commercial and non-commercial adjustment. Total energy used due to tourist adjustment was calculated at 1,078,373,475 MJ per annum which is tantamount to national energy usage of 6.5 % . in footings of C monoxide the adjustment industry emits 68,219 metric tons per annum. ( Department of energy, 2003 ) Tourism in Fiji is highly exposed to climate alteration related jeopardies such as cyclones, deluging and storms, sea degree rise, eroding, conveyance and communicating break, and momently less H2O handiness. Another most of import apprehensiveness for the touristry industry is the want of natural systems, such as coral reefs and forest ecosystems, farther exasperated by clime alteration. Tourism concerns in common are affected in the signifier of physical harm from a cyclone or storm rush, eroding, and coral bleaching. In malice of the high hazard linked with tourer installations built on the waterfront, most new developments spotlight on coastal countries. Mangroves are been cut down in big graduated table who in bend Acts of the Apostless like a protection against clime related alterations ( Jones, 2003 ) . Tourist adjustment suppliers adapt to climatic conditions that may impact their concern, and in making so they are besides prepared for impacts that may ensue from a altering clime. Typically, operators focus on comparatively concrete and foreseeable bad impacts, such as cyclones and storm rushs, for illustration by cyclone-proofing their constructions and raising breakwaters. A figure of adjustment suppliers have insurance screen against cyclones and storm rushs. By and large, it seems that the hazard of accumulative impacts or more abstract impacts are less recognized and addressed. Pollution control, sewerage intervention, and H2O direction are illustrations of this. The exposure to extreme climate-related events can be reduced when clime alteration version is integrated in the development procedure from the earliest phases ( Jones, 2003 ) . The exact location of the development and design such as constructing stuff, orientation, constructions and landscaping aids in cut downing the exposure. There is a chance to alter touristry development in at finishs less vulnerable to climate alteration, with current efforts to diversifying Fiji`s touristry merchandise in relation to ecotourism. New and alone touristry merchandises can be developed in Fiji on high land countries utilizing Nipponese construct of shakkei ( borrowed landscape ) , where hotel layout, garden landscape gardening and scenery are assorted together into an overall experience of ecosystem that is different from the typical beachfront ( Ayala, 1995 ) . A figure of nursery gas moderateness processs are in topographic point such as accommodating generator sizes, exchanging off visible radiations, energy efficient visible radiation bulbs and solar hot H2O. There is a immense potency for solar energy and wind-generated power particularly on the Coral Coast, the Mamanuca Islands, and Sonasavu, these engineerings are taken up easy, inhibited by deficiency of cognition, capital, capacity and authorities inducements. Often, the energy demand of a individual tourer resort is excessively little to warrant investing in a air current turbine. The policy focal point and involvements of resort operators in Fiji are development-driven, although there is a strong acknowledgment of the construct of sustainable development. Climate alteration is chiefly seen from the position of touristry ‘s exposure and version. Extenuation seems to be less pressing, although in the average term increasing nursery gas emanations ( e.g. , as a consequence of i ncreasing tourer reachings ) could sabotage Fiji ‘s credibleness in international dialogues on clime alteration. The above order of Government and industry precedences has to be recognised when seeking to implement any climate-change-related steps ( Ayala, 1995 ) . Climate alteration can be assorted with sustainable development by placing cardinal jobs and so associating those to climate alteration. In the instance of Fiji touristry these major local jobs are land usage issues, old stock adjustment, deficiency of new capital and investing, limited air capacity, dependance on air travel, economic escape, deficiency of alone merchandising point, environment debasement and political instability ( Narayan, 2000 ) . Environmental jobs like pollution, deforestation and inordinate usage of resources are to be considered. Potential issues in add-on to these jobs are more likely to be funded by giver bureaus, stakeholders and industry members ( Hay et al. , 2003 ) . Acknowledging co-benefits of clime alteration policies is every bit of import as its consequence, for illustration, heavy usage of air conditioning leads to increase in nursery gas emanations or the resettlement of sand adds to local environmental impacts. Future work would necessitate to take into history technological and economic facets, every bit good as the expected sum of decreased or increased nursery gas emanations ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . Energy is a major cost driver for the operation of a touristry adjustment concern, particularly when energy is derived from fossil fuels either for conveyance or electricity coevals. The operation of Diesel generators is dearly-won, because of inefficiencies, transit costs ( diesel cargo ) , care, and wages for powerhouse staff. Therefore, directors have an economic involvement in maintaining electricity ingestion depression. The Southern Cross with Diesel generators, nevertheless, is that one time a generator is purchased, the optimal scope of electricity coevals is determined at approximately 80 % of the maximal public presentation. Mini hydropower strategies are less relevant for coastal resorts, but could be an option for touristry ventures operated in inland communities ( referred to as ecotourism operators by the Fiji Ministry of Tourism and Visitor Bureau ) . The capital costs are really high, nevertheless, and accordingly the consumption is minimum. The Department of Energy p resently assesses possible sites for mini hydropower strategies, and it is besides researching possible for geothermic electricity coevals on Vanua Levu, the 2nd largest island of Fiji. Wind energy is non widely used in Fiji, but the Coral Coast, Mamanuca Islands, and Sonasavu are assuring locations for wind-powered coevals. Wind energy systems are available at different graduated tables, runing from little 1-kW 1s to 100-700 kilowatt strategies ( medium graduated table ) , or even larger 1s ( UNEP, 2003 ) . Tourist resorts would necessitate small- to medium-scale air current systems if they want to run into their whole electricity demand by wind power. Small islands are improbable to raise air current turbines because of deficiency of infinite and noise pollution. Resorts on larger countries are in a better place to prosecute wind energy. No renewable energy beginnings are presently earnestly discussed for conveyance, although one resort looked into wind-driven boats, and there are geographic expeditions into replacing fossil fuel with bio-fuel, for illustration derived from coconut ( copra ) oil ( Sopac, 2004 ) .Stairss to minimise the consequence of clime alteration in FijiReforestation is the most of import agencies of cut downing clime alteration. Trees minimizes vulnerable nature of cyclones, better microclimate and enhances landscapes which are used in touristry activities. Trees cut down C content in the air and are utile in adaptative steps like eroding control and watershed direction. Forest protection and plantation should be done under adaptation policies. Developing little graduated table engineerings for air current and solar energy on the distant island would assist cut down the dependence on imported dodo fuel and economic escape ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . Adaptation Impact on extenuation Impact on environment Tree plantation Reduces net CO2 emanations through C sinks Benefits biodiversity, H2O direction, dirts Water preservation Reduces energy costs for providing H2O Positive in countries where H2O is limited Renewable natural resources Reduces CO2 emanations Overall, less fouling than fossil fuels Natural edifice stuffs Small C footmark for locally produced stuffs Depends on sustainability of plantations Reducing H2O pollution Increased energy used for sewerage intervention Positive for coral reefs and marine life Marine protection Impersonal Positive for Marine biodiversity Rain H2O aggregation Saves transport energy for providing H2O Possibly interrupts the natural H2O rhythm Guest instruction Impersonal Additions consciousness Puting back constructions Impersonal Positive when constructions built off from beachfront Diversifying markets Positive if markets are eco-efficient Depends on environmental impacts of new markets Weather proofing tourer activities Depends on the type of activities Depends on the type of activities Water desalination High energy costs Returns force per unit area off fresh water resources Increasing beach conditioning Additions CO2 emanations Air pollution in instance of Diesel coevals Beach nutriment Energy usage for excavation and transit Disturbs eco systems Reducing beach eroding with sea walls Impersonal Disturbs natural currents and cause eroding ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . There is no common scheme to turn to interactions between clime alteration and touristry in Fiji, nor is at that place a sector-wide industry association that could advance any climate-change-related enterprises. However, there are stray illustrations among industry members that reveal a high apprehension and advanced usage of engineering and direction to turn to climatically unfavorable conditions. Those operators are besides best prepared for increased hazards ensuing from clime alteration. Besides, a figure of operators engage in wider environmental direction, energy preservation, and hence climate alteration extenuation, although the nursery gas emanation facet is seldom the ground for the mitigating steps undertaken Overall, there is a demand for tourism-specific information on what clime alteration is, how it will impact touristry, and what operators could make to accommodate and extenuate. In the medium term it would besides be of import to include climate alteration in the course of study of third instruction for pupils in the field of touristry, resource direction technology and architecture. Since the range and costs for many version and extenuation steps are mostly determined by the design of tourer installations, the incorporation of these facets into architectural classs is peculiarly of import. Alongside information and instruction enterprises, the Government could help concerns in set abouting energy audits, easing the execution of Environmental Management Systems ( e.g. , Green Globe 21 ) , and supplying inducements, for illustration for the consumption of renewable energy beginnings. Climate alteration could organize portion of a wider hazard direction program for touristry. Such an enterprise is presently being discussed between the Ministry of Tourism and the Disaster Management Office. A two-level attack could be possible, where guidelines are provided for touristry operators to develop their ain hazard or catastrophe direction program at the concern degree, while Government screens wider issues beyond single concerns, such as touristry substructure and larger emptying programs. The current effort by the Fiji Visitor Bureau to diversify the merchandise could be seen as portion of national-level hazard direction, as they attempt to distribute hazard across different markets ( e.g. , event touristry, athletics touristry, nature touristry ) and seasons. Fewer enterprises exist to weather-proof touristry, as suggested for touristry in Phuket, Thailand ( Raksakulthai, 2003 ) . Another of import measure towards implementing a nation-wide hazard direction scheme for touristry and clime alteration would be the function of all touristry substructure, every bit good as the hazard of assorted jeopardies in different locations. The Department of Environment in their clime alteration policy or the Ministry of Tourism in their hazard direction program are best advised to prosecute steps that offer win-win state of affairss, viz. for version, extenuation, wider environmental direction and development. Examples of such steps are re-afforestation, H2O preservation, and the usage of renewable energy beginnings. It is recommended that the synergisms between version, extenuation, and sustainable development be explored farther and that the effects be quantified where possible ; i.e. , how much C can be saved as a consequence of a peculiar step and what costs are involved. This is even more of import given the deficiency of resources in Fiji, which requires maximizing benefits from any enforced step ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . Reducing the ingestion of hot H2O for wash and showers and cut downing the H2O temperature are salvaging steps. Other energy usage decreases steps in adjustment are illuming, including energy efficient visible radiation bulbs, detector lighting in the garden, solar panel visible radiations, and room keys used to run visible radiations inside the room. Although energy efficient bulbs are good option they are expensive and do non last long because of the fluctuating supply of power from generators. In the smaller islands the energy costs of transporting are higher, so the directors tend to increase the ship burden with riders on board with nutrient, waste or H2O. One manner of salvaging fuel is to minimise transportation trips. The addition in planetary average temperature to 2 grades above pre-industrial degrees is necessary to maintain the hazard of unsafe clime alteration at an acceptable degree and to restrict clime impacts. Temperatures increase certain degree of atmospheric concentration. The consequences indicate that in order to hold a good opportunity of restricting planetary mean temperature in the long tally to 2 grades atmospheric concentration of all nursery gases needs to be stabilised. Intergovernmental policy on clime alteration i.e. IPCC indicates that maintaining concentration in the scope of 445-490 ppm requires planetary emanations to top out by 2015, and to fall by between 50-85 % by 2050. Current tendencies would ensue in much higher concentrations and high hazards of ruinous clime alteration. The clean development mechanism means to do conformity with easier mark committednesss, the Kyoto Protocol allows utilizing offset credits from emanations decrease undertakings in developing states, under the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) . Governments can suggest and implement emanations decreases on a project-by-project footing under CDM. The ensuing credits are bought by authoritiess that are under emanations decrease duties. Large undertakings classs are renewable energy chiefly utilizing hydropower alternatively of fossil fuels, decrease of methane emanations from landfills and coal mines, emanations from cement production, and devastation of powerful industrial gases. There were over three 1000s CDM undertakings underway in may 2008, which, is implemented and approved, would give expected emanations decreases of 2.5 billion dozenss of C dioxide. The Asian Pacific part histories for 80 per cent of the CDM credits that expected to be generated. The World Bank cites supply e stimations of 1.4 to 2.2 billion credits by 2012Decisions and recommendationsGlobal concern over clime alteration impacts and hazards has increased greatly in recent times, and clime alteration is recognised non merely an environmental challenge but besides an economic challenge. The Pacific part is home to the fast growth, big economic systems in the universe and the dominant beginning of growing in nursery gas emanations. To restrict and cut down emanations action is required in developing states. There is big figure of chances to cut down emanations but most of these are expensive and can non be implemented unless policy scenes change. More ambitious policies will be needed to turn emanation tendencies around in developing and developed states. The international kineticss are of the reciprocally reenforcing type: one country`s action depends on other states making their spot. The more states commit to important policies, the easier it will go to pull others in. In contrast, if so me states refuse to take portion in corporate action, others will besides decline to make so. An effectual response to planetary clime alteration will necessitate to affect bilateral trade or many-sided understanding. Large and medium sized economic systems will necessitate to be a portion of it. For an understanding to win, the door must be kept broad unfastened for developing states to prosecute to the full in policies, with the support of high income states. Climate alteration analysts predict that within the coming decennaries, sea degree will lift bit by bit. So the impacting state might hold begun placing the effects of clime alteration on touristry activities and overall people populating in that part. Small islands are at hazard to accommodate to the inauspicious affects of clime alteration because of high costs every bit good as benefits. Not merely merely people but alone human civilizations are besides at high hazard. Migration is another option for local people but once more the cost factor is important, as most of these people are illiterate and unemployed. They will hold to relocate unwillingly. Survival is the chief concern in this instance. It is besides extremely impossible for any recipient state to allow refuge to an full state. The larger impact of clime alteration will dispute the capacity of the state. The secondary impacts will be H2O scarceness, nutrient security, wellness services, land scarceness. At some point man y land countries will go incapable of prolonging life and people will be forced to migrate.

Paper on Tech Mahindra

A STUDY ON STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TECH MAHINDRA PROJECT DONE AS PART OF THE â€Å"STRATEGY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION† COURSE Submitted to : Brig (Dr) Rajkumar Programme Director and senior professor SMS, JNTUK. Submitted by D. Subba Raju Roll No: 11021E0118 Sl. No| Particulars| Page No| 1. | About industry| 3| 2. | Company details| 3| 3. | Vision| 5| 4. | Mission| 5| 5. | Objectives| 5| 6. | Products| 5| 7. | Competitors| 6| 8. | Core competency| 6| 9. | Michael porters 5 force model| 7| 10. | Swot analysis| 7| 11. | Conclusion| 8| 12. | Bibliography| 9| Table of contents: About industry:The  Information technology  industry in  India  has gained a  brand identity  as a  knowledge economy  due to its IT and ITES sector. The IT–ITES industry has two major components:  IT Services and  business process outsourcing  (BPO). The growth in the  service sector  in India has been led by the IT–ITES sector, contributing substantially to incre ase in  GDP, employment, and exports. The sector has increased its contribution to India's GDP from 1. 2% in FY1998 to 7. 5% in FY2012. According to  NASSCOM, the IT–BPO sector in India aggregated revenues of  US$100 billion in FY2012, where export and domestic revenue stood at  US$69. billion and  US$31. 7 billion respectively, growing by over 9%. The major cities that account for about nearly 90% of this sectors exports are  Bangalore,  Chennai,  Delhi,  Mumbai,  Hyderabad,  Pune,  Kolkata  and  Coimbatore. Export dominate the IT–ITES industry, and constitute about 77% of the total industry revenue. Though the IT–ITES sector is export driven, the domestic market is also significant with a robust revenue growth. [1]  The industry’s share of total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4% in FY1998 to about 25% in FY2012.According to  Gartner, the â€Å"Top Five Indian IT Services Providersâ₠¬  are  Tata Consultancy Services,  Infosys,  Cognizant,  Wipro  and  HCL Company details: Tech Mahindra Limited (BSE:  532755, NSE:  TECHM) is an Indian provider of networking technology solutions and business process outsourcing (BPO) services to the global telecommunications industry. Headquartered at Pune, India. It is a joint venture between the Mahindra Group and BT Group plc, UK with M;M (Mahindra and Mahindra) holding 44% and BT holding 39% of the equity.On 23 May 2012, Tech Mahindra reported a 3% increase in its revenue for the year ended March 31, to $1. 15 Billion . Its activities spread across a broad spectrum, including Business Support Systems (BSS), Operations Support Systems (OSS), Network Design ; Engineering, Next Generation Networks, Mobility Solutions, Security consulting and Testing. The â€Å"solutions portfolio† includes Consulting, Application Development ; Management, Network Services, Solution Integration, Product Engineering, Infras tructure Managed Services, Remote Infrastructure Management and BSG (comprises BPO, Services and Consulting).Tech Mahindra is ranked #6 in India's software services firms behind Tata Consultancy Services, Wipro, Infosys, HCL Technologies and Satyam Computer Services and overall #161 in Fortune India 500 list for 2011. Tech Mahindra has implemented more than 15 Greenfield Operations globally and has over 128 active customer engagements mostly in the Telecom sector. The company has been involved in about 8 transformation programs of incumbent telecom operators. With an array of service offerings for TSPs, TEMs and ISVs, Tech Mahindra serves: Key Executives: S. No| Name| Designation| | 1| Anand G Mahindra| Chairman| | | | | | | 2| CP Gurnani| Managing Director| | | | | | | | 3| Anil Khatri| Company Secretary| | | | | | | | 4| Bharat N Doshi| Non Executive Director| | | | | | | | 5| Ulhas N Yargop| Non Executive Director| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Milestones * 1986 – Incorporation in India * 1987 – Commencement of Business * 1993 – Incorporation of MBT International Inc. , the first overseas subsidiary * 1994 – Awarded the ISO 9009 certification by BVQI * 1995 – Established the UK branch office 2001 – Incorporated MBT GmbH, Germany incorporated. Re-certified to ISO 9001:1994 by BVQI * 2002 – Assessed at Level 2 of SEI CMM by KPMG. Incorporated MBT Software Technologies Pte. Limited, Singapore * 2005 – Merged MBT with Axes Technologies (India) Private Limited, including its US and Singapore subsidiaries. Assessed at Level 3 of SEI CMMI by KPMG * 2006 – Name changed to Tech Mahindra Limited. Assessed at Level 4 of SEI People-CMM (P-CMM) by QAI India. Raised Rs46. 5 million ($1 million) from a hugely successful IPO to build a new facility in Pune, to house about 9,000 staff .Formed a JV with Motorola Inc. under the name CanvasM. * 2007 – Acquired iPolicy Networks Private Limited. Launched the Tech M Foundation to address the needs of the underprivileged in our society. * 2009 – Tech M wins bid for fraud-hit Satyam Computer Services at Rs 58. 90 per share outdoing Larsen & Toubro, the other player in the fray, which bid at Rs 45. 90. Rebrands the company to Mahindra Satyam. * 2010 – Tech Mahindra expands footprint in Latin America Awards * It was  Asia’s Best Performing Companies 2008 at Business Week award. Tech Mahindra received Growth Excellence Award 2008 by Frost & Sullivan. * It was acknowledged as 6th largest Software Services Company in  India  by NASSCOM in 2008. * The company is recognized as winner of the 2011 Microsoft Communications Sector Partner of the Year Award. * The company is declared as winner of 2010 and 2011 AT&T Supplier Award for outstanding performance & service to AT&T and its affiliates Tech Mahindra Offices Tech Mahindra has offices in more than 30 countries. India: Kolkata, Pune, Noida, Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Gurgaon, Chandigarh, Hyderabad.Tech Mahindra has its BPO presence in Kolkata, Chennai, Chandigarh, Pune, and Noida. It also has overseas office locations in Belfast and Newcastle. Tech Mahindra has operations in more than 30 countries with 17 sales offices and 13 delivery centers. Assessed at SEI CMMi Level 5, Tech Mahindra employs over 42,000 workers. Acquisition of Satyam Computer Services Ltd. After the Satyam scandal of 2008-09, Tech Mahindra bid for Satyam Computer Services, and emerged as a top bidder with an offer of Rs 59 a share for a 31 per cent stake in the company, beating a strong rival Larsen & Toubro.After evaluating the bids, the government-appointed board of Satyam Computer announced on 13 April 2009: â€Å"its Board of Directors has selected Venturbay Consultants Private Limited, a subsidiary controlled by Tech Mahindra Limited as the high est bidder to acquire a controlling stake in the Company, subject to the approval of the Hon'ble Company Law Board. † Through a subsidiary, it has emerged victorious in Satyam sell-off, a company probably two times its size in number of people. Merger with Mahindra Satyam Tech Mahindra will be merged with Mahindra Satyam in next half of 2012 to build a 2. -billion $ IT Company in India. Tech Mahindra announced its merger with Mahindra Satyam on March 21,2012,after the board of two companies gave the approval. The two firms have received the go-ahead for merger from the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange. Vision: To be the leading global software solutions provider to the telecom industry. Mission: To be the global leader in outsourcing services to the telecom industry, building on our technologies, competencies and customer interests, and creating value for our shareholders and customers. Objectives: Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery * Business centu ry assessment services * Business Continuity Assessment Services * Business Continuity Lifecycle Consulting and Implementation * Business Environment Analysis * Business Recovery Strategy Design and Plan Development * IT Disaster Recovery Training, Failover Testing and Exercising * Business Continuity Plan Training, Testing and Exercising * IT Disaster Recovery Strategy Design and Plan Development * IT Environment Analysis * IT Disaster Recovery Strategy Design and Plan Development | | | Products: * Telecom Equipment Manufacturers, Independent Software Vendors, * Communications Service Providers Competitors: TCS, Infosys,Wipro,HCL Tech, Mahindra Satyam, etc. , | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Core competency: * Managed Services * Application Management Services. * Infrastructure Management Services * Revenue Management Services * Mobile Virtual Network Enabler Services Shift from high to lowMedium Very High Low Threats of substitutes: Other offshore locations such as eastern Europe, the Philippines and china, are emerging and are posing threat to Infosys because of their cost-advantage. * Price quoted for projects is a major differentiator, the quality of products being same. Bargaining power of supplier: * Du e to slowdown, the job-cuts, the layoffs and bleak IT outlook. * Availability of vast talent pool – fresher and experienced. Bargaining power of customers: * Large number of IT companies vying for IT projects. * Huge decline in IT expenditure. Barriers to entry * Low capital requirements. * Large value chain * MNCs are ramping up capacity and employee strength.Rivalry among Firms: * Commoditized offerings * Low-cost, little differentiation positioning. * High industry growth Michael porters 5 force model: Swot analysis: Strengths: †¢ Tech Mahindra, while not the first name in the TVS arena, claims an impressive roster of telecom operator customers and Tech Mahindra’s integration with sister company, Mahindra Satyam, matches Tech Mahindra’s telecom industry expertise with Satyam’s established enterprise IT expertise serving vertical industries in BSS and BPO †¢ Tech Mahindra boasts a full range of telecom network optimization service †¢ It h as been assessed and awarded a CMMI Level 5 (v1. ) and System Security processes SSECMM Level 3 rating. †¢ Tech Mahindra is a large, global operation and the ? fth largest software exporter in India. Weaknesses: †¢ Despite Tech Mahindra’s ability to serve customers from an â€Å"art to part† perspective †¢ Whereas rival IT giants, such as IBM, HP, etc. , often partner alongside network equipment providers in services engagements, Tech Mahindra is less of a partner with equipment vendors and more of a direct competitor and threat in areas such as network optimizations, and increasingly software design and integrations. While the lines of competition between Tech Mahindra and traditional telecom network vendors are still relatively distinct, this line will continue to blur over time as concepts such as OSS/BSS integrations, network optimizations, and BPOs within vertical markets take on an increasing importance †¢ Despite Tech Mahindra’s overt focus on the telecom industry, it is not the only market that the company deals with. Going forward, as it is integrated with Mahindra Satyam, the telecom focus runs the risk of being obscured within a larger set of businesses. While Tech Mahindra’s revenue stream seems well balanced based upon the geographic distribution of 50% Europe, 30% North America and 20% ROW, its revenue based upon clients tells a different story Opportunities: †¢ Tech Mahindra needs to consider being more vocal about its success with telecom operator engagements. †¢ Further on the traction demonstration front, Tech Mahindra should detail any and all success that it is having with telecom network optimization projects – particularly on an end–to-end basis. Tech Mahindra should take care to highlight instances where it cooperates with traditional network infrastructure players – in outsourced R&D for example †¢ As soon as possible, Tech Mahindra should publicize inst ances of how its integration with Mahindra Satyam has resulted in a broadening of telecom-focused engagements in vertical markets. †¢ Tech Mahindra should make it a strategic imperative to broaden the key customer base to reduce the revenue reliance on these key customers. Threats: IBM should play up its informal partnership with Asia/Info to send the message that while it has broad and deep †¢ Smaller, yet still important, pure plays like WiPro need to respond to Mahindra’s integration of its telecom and enterprise practice so as to let the market know where they stand with respect to Mahindra’s new value proposition. †¢ Network integrators such as Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson and NSN need to provide as much evidence as possible that will demonstrate their strengths in areas such as OSS integration and business transformation services. Network equipment vendors such as Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, NSN, etc. need to also play up the value that developing teleco m products brings to the professional services arena. †¢ Telecom network vendors need to be careful when tackling vertical market network opportunities. Share Value of Tech Mahindra at NSE Conclusion: Through the analysis, Tech Mahindra is a global leading company in IT sector. It has been maintaining certain strategies to be leader in the IT industry. Its revenue in 2011 is at INR 1,261. 5 crore Bibliography: Techmahindra. com

Financial Planning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Planning - Case Study Example The ethical standards also require the financial planners to get acknowledgement from their clients for deploying funds in the high risk investment avenues. In cases of conflict of interest, the financial planners are required to regard their professional duty of giving priority to the interest of their client. Finally, the high standards of practice require the financial planners to provide unbiased financial advises to their clients for protecting their interests. The financial planning done by the planners of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia falls under the FPA code of professional and ethical practice. However, the issues that led to the inquiry by the Senate against the scandal in the Commonwealth Bank’s financial planning activities exposed the activities of the financial planners of CBA. ... ivities of CBA financial planners that came to light after the global financial crisis included misallocation of superannuation funds in the investment areas that is considered to be highly risky as a result of which the retired employees lost a major part of their superannuation fund. This is a specific example of CBA breaching the FPA code of conduct and ethics as the investments in high risks avenues was done by CBA without the consent of the retired employees and the clients. Apart from deploying funds into high risk management avenues without the prior permission of the holder, several associated issues related to forgery of signatures, and mysterious missing of documents came to light. Thus, the financial planners of CBA resorted to unethical practices which are against the professional norms. The Commonwealth Bank of Australia concealed that information from their clients who were not even informed of the activities of the financial planners. Question 1 b The financial plannin g scandal of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia demonstrated the conflict of interest between the clients of the bank and the activities of the financial planners of the Commonwealth Bank and the management. The financial planners under the management of the Bank were engaged into unethical professional practices of undertaking high risks on investments with the funds of the investors who were their clients. Although a logical reasoning by the financial planners would explain the investments were risky, they were engaged into unfair practices by taking a chance to increase the return of the bank with the help of public money (McKeown, 2012, p.39). The interest of CBA was to maximize the return on investment made by them with the use of public funds. The interest of the bank never

Navigating Information Technology Management and Communication in the Research Paper

Navigating Information Technology Management and Communication in the new global economy - Research Paper Example In order to undertake these strategies communication effectiveness becomes a determining factor. Effective communications and information technologies can enable an organization to make a successful acquisition and enter a foreign market or even share workers with other organizations. The downside of this is that there are many issues that may dodge the realization of such benefits. Some of these issues that pose challenges include language barriers, cultural differences and security risks in the form of economic fluctuations and social unrests (Frynas and Mellahi, 2011). This paper investigates and identifies information technology and communication challenges and then provides recommendations in form of the best practices so that organizations can dodge these potential for failure. Information technology has been growing exponentially in the last three decades. This has enabled companies to penetrate the markets that were once out of reach. The US, for instance, had its major trading partners in the Western European countries, Australia, and China (Sekkat, 2010). With the growth of information technology and the apparent saturation of the domestic market, business organizations are now looking at emerging markets such as Brazil, India and many Asian and African countries. These countries are increasingly adopting information technologies and this makes them viable business partners (Meyer and Wit, 2004). Their potentials have not been tapped yet and this provides an opportunity for multinational organizations to maximize their profitability. However, the issues that are going to be discussed herein after may necessitate an organization to develop strategies in order to survive in these foreign countries with different languages, diverse cultural backgrounds an d economic environments and volatility. Organizations that have been able to develop business and corporate strategies

High Heeled Shoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

High Heeled Shoes - Essay Example The history of heels is not clear, although they date back to pre-Christian times. Egyptian butchers wore high heels to raise them above the carnage, and Mongolian horseman had heeled boots for gripping their stirrups firmly. The first recorded year heels were worn for vanity was 1533, when Catherine de Medicis brought heels from Florence to Paris for her marriage to the Duke d'Orleans. The style was instantly set forth by ladies from the French court (The history of heels, n.d.). High heels are not a modern day invention. Rather, they enjoy a diverse history, for both men as well as women. Despite arguments over when high heels were first used, but there is a consensus that heels were worn by both men and women throughout the world for many centuries and for a range of reasons (heeled wiki). The first officially recorded moment of the wear of high heels involved the 1533 marriage between Catherine de Medici with the Duke of Orleans. She wore heels made in Florence for her wedding, which made high heeled shoes a norm for ladies of the Duke's court in France. In fact, it's plausible that the "modern" high heel was invented by non other than Leonardo da Vinci (heeled wiki). Within the next century, European woman walked on heels 5 inches and higher, balancing with canes so as not to fall. As the working class couldn't afford to wear such shoes high heel shoe heights fell. And therefore after they rose or fell according to the fashion (NU heels). Use of high heeled shoe Although most people equate high-heeled shoes with women, this is not only not the case throughout history; it's still not the case today. Many men throughout the Western world, including Europe, the U.S., Canada, and other countries, wear high-heeled shoes on a regular basis, and for a diversity of reasons. High-heeled male dance shoes (often called Cuban heel or Latin heel shoes) are fairly common, especially for shorter male partner dancers and are not considered effeminate or transvestite wear (heeled shoe wiki).How women use high heeled shoe In the 19th century the high heeled shoe became the top style to own. Although Europe brought the new trend for high heels, America wasn't far behind in becoming of style. In 1888 the first heel factory in the United States opened, making it unnecessary for women to import their shoes from Paris (The history of heels, n.d.). Newly liberated, women in the early part of the 20th century favored sensible shoes. But in the 1920s, as hemlines rose, legs and feet were suddenly on display and shoes needed to be as beautiful as they were practical (The history of heels, n.d.). Despite being in and out of style, high heels reached new level with the advent of the stiletto in the 1950s. And to the dislike of many women, high heels popped up again in fashion magazines in the 1990s. Still, whether a woman thinks heels are the height of fashion or the height of pain, she usually has a least five pair in her closet for the occasion when flat shoes just won't do (The history of heels, n.d.).Despite women have a love/hate relationship with high-heeled shoes. This does not prevent the most of women from owning a number pair of high heels. A small number of women

Public law questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public law questions - Essay Example Further, there are provisions which deal with problems that people may have in respect of a specific issue. The objective of the Act is uphold the principle of best interest for an individual. In addition the Court of Protection would help in complicated positions. The Independent Mental Capacity Advocate (IMCA) service will help persons who do not have any close support network. Further, the Act provides for criminal offence if a person is willfully neglecting someone who lacks capacity. The general application of the Act would be for people over the age of 16 years, however, it may apply to people who are younger. b. There are three parts to the Act. c. There are nine schedules to the Act. d. There are 69 sections in the Act. e. In respect of the Act, except for section 30-41 came into force by way of section 68. By virtue of Mental Capacity Act 2005 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 2007 and subject to Articles 3 and 4, sections 30 to 34 (research) of the Act came into force on 1 Octob er 2007. By way of The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (Commencement No. ... t listed in Article 2(2) also came into force on 1 April 2007 for the purposes of section 44 (ill-treatment or neglect).Section 64 (interpretation) came into force on 1 April 2007 for the purposes of Article 2(1);Article 2(2); and Article 2(3). By way of The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2007 the following provision came into force on 1 October 2007—sections 5 to 29;sections 45 to 63;sections 65 to 69; and Schedules 1 to 7. The following provisions of the Act, which had already been commenced for limited purposes, came into force on 1 October 2007 for all purposes: section 1 (principles);section 2 (people who lack capacity);section 3 (inability to make decisions);section 4 (best interests);sections 42(4) and (5) (codes of practice); and section 64 (interpretation). f. There have been changes to the Act, which is visible in the annotations. Such changes have been brought about by way of the Mental Health Act 2007. g. There are 19 statutory instruments in r espect of the Act which include statutory instruments of Wales. There are 11 statutory instruments in respect of UK. h. The Code of Practice was issued by the Lord Chancellor on 23rd April 2007. The Code of Practice holds directions in respect of deficiency of liberty safeguards. The particular intention behind the code was guide professional who dealt with administering and providing such safeguards and is under a duty to pay heed to the Code. Further, the intent has been information to be provided by virtue of the Code to people who are or might be deprived of liberty safeguards, and for their families, friends and carers, as well as for anyone who believes that someone is being deprived of their liberty unlawfully. i. The Explanatory Notes of Mental Capacity Act were given Royal Assent on

Bridge of Madison County Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bridge of Madison County - Essay Example The man in the pickup is Robert Kincaid, a photographer for National Geographic (Clint Eastwood), who has come to finish an article on the local bridges. He, however, is having some difficulty finding the Rosamunde Bridge. Francesca has problems describing how to get there so she goes along to show him. They seem to become friends quickly. Francesca, during the conversation invites Kincaid back to the farmhouse for dinner. Household meals are normally quiet and this one has lively conversation and interest. They seem to have a quick connection as they discuss their dreams. Francesco realizes though that she is attracted to this man and she has been very loyal to her husband is conflicted about the thoughts of betraying him. Francesca is in emotional turmoil as she falls in love with Kincaid but cannot betray her family or the man she is married to. While she is with Kincaid, she is a whole different person and of course as many people’s lives are sometimes changed by others, she cannot remain that way. Kincaid is also in love with Francesca and he tries to tell her that this kind of lover only comes along once in a lifetime and please do not throw it away. The favorite scene happens when Francesco has come to town with her husband. She goes out to get in the truck. As she sits there in the rain, a pickup truck pulls up. Kincaid is in the truck. He gets out, standing in the rain looking at Francesca and Francesca looking at him. She wants to go to him but doesn’t. When her husband comes out of the store, he gets in his truck. He pulls out and her husband pulls in behind him. He reaches in the glove compartment and pulls out her necklace and hangs it on the rearview mirror. She almost gets out of the truck to go with him but doesn’t. You are on the edge of the seat the whole time. You also know it is wrong for her to go but you want her to anyway. She doesn’t. In reality the movie tells the story of what happens when life

Mini project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Mini project - Essay Example However, using immobilized enzymes very small size makes it difficult to separate them out of the product. Therefore, industries generally optimize the reaction rate and the ease of separation while determining which particle size to employ. The present report explores how various process parameters influence the particle size of chitosan microspheres. Data has been collected on how various parameters determine the size of immobilized enzyme particles. It should however be noted that data will exhibit variability even though the investigation is carried out under the same test conditions because the particle shape may not always be a perfect sphere and thus the measurement may have some degree of variability depending on particle position during measurement. The experiment is aimed at determining the conditions required for making a chitosan enzyme particle of a specific size by employing statistical techniques. Four parameters have been incorporated because of their influence on par ticle size, namely – Tween 80 concentration, stirring rate, glutaraldehyde concentration and chitosan concentration. As seen in table 1, different particle sizes of chitosan obtained for two different stirring rates. For speeds at 1000rpm, three peaks have been found, at 0.40, 0.41 and 0.43. This may be indicative of contamination in the sample. Similarly for stirring rate of 500rpm, peaks were observed at 0.38 and 0.40. The data for both stirring rates appeared to be skewed towards a smaller particle size. The particle diameter ranged between 0.381 and 0.441 for stirring rate of 500rpm, and between 0.386 and 0.453 for stirring rate of 1000rpm. The plot for 500rpm stirring rate has a lift value at 0.4065, lesser than that for 1000rpm. It can be seen from the plot that 75% of data on lift is between the values of 0.3955 and 0.419 while the values for good data should lie between 0.36025 and 0.45425. The plot for 1000rpm

Cross-Border Cyber Terrorism and Internet Crimes Term Paper

Cross-Border Cyber Terrorism and Internet Crimes - Term Paper Example The Internet today is an integral part of every home, society, and business. And for it to remain the key tool for advancement that it is there is a compelling need for awareness, regulation, and legislation. As governments across the world move forward and (hopefully) unite on this issue, these are some of the views that will bear consideration: The ‘Authorities’ View: A priority for regulators is to find ways of tracking down criminals across borders and ensuring they are punished; in a scenario where use of proxy servers assures anonymity this is easier said than done. Therefore, the imperative need for an international strategy and response to cyber attacks that is akin to traditional laws. There are countries today where customers can purchase unregistered data packs with mobile Internet capability, giving them the ability to commit an online crime such as identity theft against people in other nations without fear of being traced. This makes it in the interest of r icher nations to collaborate with the ‘have not’s’ and develop the capacity to address this abuse.  Ã‚   The general view is that these cells need to become more effective to tackle the increasing complexity and ‘creativity’ of the cybercriminal. Of late, legislative bodies have embraced Cyber Laws - a term that encapsulates the legal issues related to using various aspects of networked devices and technologies. These legal enactments - "paper laws" for a "paperless environment"- cover a broad gamut of different aspects relating to computer software, access, and control of digital information, privacy, security, internet access, and usage and electronic commerce. The ‘Popular’ View: Arguably, the most affected by the building public apprehension with respect to cybercrimes are the social media marketers. As users of sites such as Facebook and Twitter start walking on eggshells in the fear of being spammed, hacked or robbed of identity, legitimate businesses are finding it increasingly difficult to reach their target audiences.

War in Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

War in Vietnam - Essay Example It is not the actual military defeat that hurt. It was the emotional defeat, the defeat of intelligence, the political defeat, the defeat of calculation, the defeat of the entire plan and purpose of the war that so staggered the nation that it is still trying to come to terms with the questions of the war to which different analysts are providing different answers (Mackubin Thomas Owens). Probably the best person to answer the Vietnam question was Ngo Dinh Diem who capably led the charge of South Vietnam. Like John F Kennedy, Diem too was a Roman Catholic. He successfully kept communism under control, sometimes brutally. However, in the process he angered the Buddhist monks who were part of the majority in Vietnam. He was seen as a protg of the Americans and he behaved like one. Nevertheless, as time went on, he was becoming increasingly isolated because of fears by some including the United States ambassador to Vietnam, Henry Cabot Lodge that he was leading a corrupt regime. The failure of the American intelligence to track the correct course and keep at it grated the final nail to the coffin with a very big hammer. Now the Americans are coming to realize that Diem was not such a bad fellow after all (Mackubin Thomas Owens). Journalists David Halberstam and Neil Sheehan depicted Diem in the most debilitating terms. Their account of Diem was so horrifying and unpleasant that a 1963 congressional mission described them as "arrogant, emotional, unobjective and ill-informed." One cannot fault Halberstam and Sheehan though. They were only faithfully and unwittingly reproducing what was fed to them through obliging Vietnamese sources who were secretly communist agents themselves (Mackubin Thomas Owens). Diem depended on the Americans to carry out his agenda of blocking the communists. He signed a joint communiqu with President Eisenhower condemning communism (Dr. Penelope Nicholson). Diem complemented the policies of the United States quite well in Vietnem. However, the American politicians were not happy with Diem. They did not want a Catholic running amok amidst the predominant Buddhist population. They found fault with his government capturing and killing communist insurgents. They wavered in backing him on long term basis fearing he was increasingly becoming a liability and must be isolated. The fault lines in the American intelligence were undermining a factor that was actually providing them positive results in the war. The intrigue took its toll. Diem was assassinated in a coup by his senior military officers in 1963. Kennedy was unnerved by the assassination of Diem although he approved of the coup. Post Diem After the assassination of Diem the question of leadership haunted Vietnam. Any leader who took up the reins had to have the backing of the Americans. But the policy decisions for Vietnam came from

The Petrov Affair Essay Example for Free

The Petrov Affair Essay The â€Å"Petrov Affair† started in April 1954 when Vladimir Petrov and his wife Edvokia defected to Australia. The affair finally finished today, the 11th of December 1955; a day after the Federal Election in Australia when Robert Menzies was elected. The Events That Saw It Unfold The Petrov Affair occurred around the 3rd of April last year, when Vladimir Petrov, who was the cause of the Petrov Affair, defected to Australia under top-secret conditions. On arrival in Sydney, he was taken to a safe house on Sydney’s north shore. Only 3 or 4 Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, ASIO, officers knew about his defection to Australia, his wife Evdokia didn’t even know about this! Once the soviet embassy was aware of this defection, they accused the Australian Authorities of kidnapping him. Reason For His Defection One of Petrov’s main reasons for defecting here to Australia was to secure Ron Richards’, ASIO Deputy Director, secret documents containing evidence of Soviet espionage and infiltration of the Australian Government agencies. Richards was in charge of this operation and made the one of the possible code words for the defection â€Å"Cabin Candidate†. Another reason for defection was that he feared being arrested and killed by the Russian Government after he was associated with Beria and that if he went back to Russia, he would be purged as â€Å"Beria Man†. What Menzies Did About It Robert Menzies, the Prime Minister of Australia at the time, caused a stir when he announced to the House of Representatives that Petrov brought with him documents that revealed Soviet Espionage in Australia. He called a Royal Commission to investigate these allegations. Herbert Evatt, The Opposition Leader at the time, accused Menzies of arranging the defections to coincide with the election. After this happened, Menzies ended up winning the election, even though everyone thought Labour was going to succeed. Menzies denied that he had advanced knowledge of Petrov’s defection to Australia, but he did not deny that he exploited it.

Geometrical Optics And Its Applications

Geometrical Optics And Its Applications Optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is to study the geometry of paths of lights and their imagery through optical systems. Light will be treated as a form of energy which travels in straight lines called rays. When light comes to be regarded as waves, it will be seen that shadows cast by objects are not as sharp as rectili (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson) (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010)near propagation suggests due to diffraction and interference effects of wave. Thus, there is a simple assumption for geometrical optics, which is rays of light propagate along straight lines until they get reflected, refracted, or absorbed at a surface. 2 Fermats Principle 2.1 Background Fermats Principle, also known as the principle of the shortest optical path, was introduced by Pierre de Fermat in the early seventeenth century. This principle is used to state and explain the motion of light ray through different media, which helps to demonstrate laws of reflection and refraction later on. 2.2 Theory The path of a light ray connecting two points is the one for which the time of transit, but not the length, is a minimum. The time, T , for a light ray through space to travel from a point A to another point B can be calculated as: It is known that is velocity, which can also be regarded as for light, where c is the speed of light and n is the refractive index of the medium. Thus, we have Then the path taken by light should be the path that minimizes this integral, which would be: Therefore, it is the fact that light will travel along paths of stationary optical path length, where the optical path length is a local maximum or minimum with respect to any small variation in the path. And many paths will take exactly the same time to travel from point A to point B. (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010) 3. Reflection 3.1 Derivation for Law of Reflection In general, law of reflection states that when a light ray incident upon a reflective surface, it will be reflected with an reflective angle that exactly equal to the incident angle with respect to the normal of the surface. Law of reflection can be dervied from Fermats Principle. Assume that the medium of the light travel is homogeneous, we haveC:UsersGaryDesktopà ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ .png Total path length S from A to B is Based on Fermats Principle we know that light would travel the path with minimum time. As in homogeneous medium, light travels with a constant speed and therefore the minimum time path is equilvant to the minimum distance path, which can be obtained by taking the first derivative of S with respect to x. which is sinà £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥AOC = sin à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥BOC Thus shows that à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥AOC = à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥BOC, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection NB: It has to be reminded that the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993) 3.2 Specular and Diffuse Reflection In details, there are two types of reflection Specular reflection and diffuse reflection. http://titan.bloomfield.edu/facstaff/dnicolai/images/ImagesPhy106/lesson2.gif Specular or regular reflection is said to occur when parallel rays reflect from a high smooth and flat surface. For instance, a flashlight beam is said to have specular reflection as the reflective surface is mirror which is highly smooth and it, hence, makes the reflected beams travel towards the same direction in parallel as in (a). Most object, however, reflect light diffusely and the rays in an incident parallel beam are reflected in many direction as in (b) because of diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is due to the surface of the object not being perfectly smooth like a mirror. In fact, under microscopic scale, the surface of most of objects, if not all, is quite rough. Although at each point on the surface the law of reflection is observed, the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection varies from point to point. Each of the initially parallel rays, therefore, is reflected in a different direction. 3.3 Mirror Concepts and its Applications 3.3.1 Image Formation with Mirrors Mirrors, undoubtedly, are ubiquitous in daily, especially used in mirror and optical instruments for gathering light and forming images. Law of reflection can be applied to use in locating the reflected image graphically as long as the size, location and orientation of the object is known. 3.3.1.1 Images in Plane Mirrors Images with mirrors are formed when many non-parallel light beams are reflected from the mirror surface and converge to form a corresponding image point. Image formed by plane mirror is erect, virtual, same size as the object and laterally inverted.C:UsersGaryDesktopreflection in mirror.png For a point object, in Fig 3.3.1.1a, rays from the object at O are reflected in all directions based on the laws of reflection so that they appear to come from a point I behind the mirror and this is where the observer imagines the image to be. For an extended object, in Fig 3.3.1.1b, the image of a point A on the object is at A, and two points are being equidistant from the mirror. Similarly, the image of point B is at B. The image size, therefore, is identical to the object seize, giving a magnification of unity. However, the right-hand side of the object becomes the left-hand side of the image and vice versa. The image is said to be laterally inverted.C:UsersGaryDesktopmirror extended object.png To conclude, a planar mirror is strictly stigmatic in nature Any incident rays issued from point A gives reflected rays passing through point B symmetrically to A with regard to the plane of the mirror. B, hence, is the image of A. (Katz, 2002) 3.3.1.2 Images in Curved Mirrors There are mainly two types of spherical mirrors, concave and convex. Similar to planar mirror, image can be traced using the law of reflection. Unlike image formed by planar mirror, which is always erect, virtual, same size as the object and laterally inverted, the image formed by a spherical mirror and its nature depend on the distance of the object from the mirror. To construct the image, we assume that small objects on the principal axes of mirrors of small aperture are being considered so that all rays are paraxial. Point images will, thus, be formed of points on the object. For concave mirrors, also known as converging mirrors because of their action on a parallel beam of light, is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface that bulges inward. The formation of image using concave mirror can be in different locations of the object can be concluded by the following figure. Concave Mirror The nature of image using concave mirror and its applications are summarized as below: Position of the object Position of the image Nature and size of the image Use At infinity At the focus Real, inverted and diminished As collector of radiation in solar heating devices Beyond the centre of curvature Between the focus and the centre of curvature Real, inverted and diminished At the centre of curvature At centre of curvature Real, inverted and same size as object As a reflecting mirror behind a projector lamp Between the focus and centre of curvature Beyond the centre of curvature Real, inverted and magnified In flood lights At focus At infinity Real, inverted and magnified As a reflecting mirror in car, head lights, search lights etc. Between the pole of the mirror and the focus Appears behind the mirror Virtual, erect and magnified As a shaving mirror or makeup mirror and dentists mirror (Katz, 2002) For convex mirrors, also known as diverging mirrors reflect the incoming parallel light beams to form divergent beams which appear to come from a point behind the mirror.Convex Mirror Unlike that in concave mirrors, the nature of image formed by convex mirror is always virtual, diminished and erect. (Katz, 2002) 3.3.2 Derivation of the mirror formula Mirror formula is useful when we have to calculate the image location. Using triangles 2 and 3, we have,http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/mimg232.gif While using trangles 2 and 4, we have, Where is the image distance, is the object distance, f is the focal length, is the image height and is the object height It should be noticed that the sign convention is to be used in mirror formula. A real object or image distance is positive while a virtual object or image distance is negative. Magnification of a mirror image, m, can also be calculated by 3.3.3 Mirror instruments 3.3.3.1 Catoptric Systems Catoptric Systems is the system that merely consists of mirrors for the formation of image. (Board, 2012) 3.3.3.1.1 Newtonian telescopehttp://bdaugherty.tripod.com/gcseAstronomy/images/newtonian.jpg Newtonian telescope is the first reflecting telescope invented by Isaac Newton in 1668. It consists of a concave primary mirror and a small flat diagonal secondary mirror. In a bid to have a stigmatic axial image, a concave mirror has to be applied to act as a primary mirror and it reflects light back up the scope axis to the secondary mirror which is titled at 45o to the axis. The secondary mirror, which is a small plane mirror, is placed in the path of beams reflected by the primary mirror in order to divert the rays to one side of the tube. The reason for choosing a small mirror to act as secondary mirror is to prevent the influx of light beams is blocked from reaching the primary mirror. Pros of the Newtonian telescope Cons of the Newtonian telescope Less expensive Reduction of light intensity due to the blockage of central flat plane Shorter focal ratio leads a wider field of view Easily suffer from coma (i.e. an off-axis aberration) Free of chromatic aberration Simpler fabrication (Kitchin, 2012) 3.3.3.1.2 Cassegrain Telescope http://www.vikdhillon.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching/phy217/telescopes/cassegrain.gif Cassegrain Telescope is another type of reflecting telescope employing two principal mirrors, a concave parabolic primary mirror like the Newtonians, but its secondary one is a convex hyperboloidal mirror. It makes use of the special properties of parabolic and hyperbolic reflectors. A concave parabolic reflector will reflect all incoming light rays parallel to its axis of symmetry to a single point, the focus. A convex hyperbolic reflector has two foci and will reflect all light rays directed at one of its two foci towards its other focus. The mirrors in this type of telescope are designed and positioned so that they share one focus and so that the second focus of the hyperbolic mirror will be at the same point at which the image is to be observed, usually just outside the eyepiece. The parabolic mirror reflects parallel light rays entering the telescope to its focus, which is also the focus of the hyperbolic mirror. The hyperbolic mirror then reflects those light rays to its other focus, where the image is observed. (Waland, 1990) 3.3.3.1.3 Gregorian telescope http://s4.hubimg.com/u/7341531_f520.jpg Gregorian telescope employs concave parabolic mirror to act as both primary and secondary mirror in this reflecting telescope. The light that first enters the tube is reflected by the primary concave mirrors and directed towards the secondary mirror, which is also a concave mirror. It will reflect the rays out to the telescope through the hole in its center. Observer can therefore view the image formed on the eyepiece. (Trà ¼mper, 2010) 3.3.3.2 Catadioptric Systems Catadioptric system, on the other hand, is the system that consists of both mirrors and lenses for the formation of image. (Board, 2012) Catadioptric Systems will not be included in this paper. 3.4 Other Applications 3.4.1 Optical lever and light-beam galvanometers Galvanometer is an instrument that used to measure very small electric currents. Some sensitive galvanometers would use a beam of light in conjunction with a small mirror as a pointer. When there exists current flowing in the electric wire, a tiny mirror that is fixed to the part of the meter will rotate. And a light beam from a fixed lamp falls on the mirror and is reflected onto a translucent scale. For a given current, the longer the pointer (i.e. the reflected beam) the greater the deflection observed on the scale. This simply applies the reflective nature of light wave. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006)http://www.daviddarling.info/images/moving-coil_galvanometer.jpg 3.4.2 Red-eye effect The Red-eye effect is a common phenomenon in photography. It occurs when the photographic flash unit place closely to the camera lens. Normally, the rationale of photo-taking is that light from the flash unit enters the eye and is reflected back to the camera lens. Nevertheless, under dark environment, pupil diameter would increase due to contraction of radial muscle fibers and relaxation of circular muscle fibers of iris under autonomic nervous system and therefore more light beams can enter into the retina of the eye. And the reflected light from the retina is red because of largely blood vessels in Choroid. It, therefore, gives the Red-eye effect in photograph. 3.4.3 Headlight of Carhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1T4DqMVc5Q39eTbeAOW_WM6jTRgdW1YU4c8KbUjvq6AGIedPa18qX9eBZzEMb37jFOiLliX522TJQBiNcClL_DibcB9li9M3dCVqXM0l_R_YV0pdy4VawLsGH076R4k4A9H7GWPt_I2QW/s1600/infiniti+headlight.jpg It employs concave parabolic mirrors at the front of the car, which acts as reflectors in the head lights of cars, search lights etc. 3.4.4 Dentists Mirrorhttp://cdn7.fotosearch.com/bthumb/FSA/FSA132/x12292469.jpg Dentists Mirror applies reflection to reflect and focus light on the tooth so that dentists can be examined in detail. 3.4.5 Optical Comparatorhttp://www.worldoftest.com/img/products/qv300_1.jpg Optical Comparator is an instrument that projects a magnified image or profile of a part onto a screen for comparison to a standard overlay profile or scale based on the principles of optics. The comparator, basically, is a non-contact device, which frequently used to measure, test, inspect, gauge or examine parts for compliance with specifications. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006) 3.4.6 Security Convex Mirrorhttp://dgmglass.com/images/mirrors/security/mirror-s-3.jpg One of the distinguish feature of convex mirror is the widely view range. Therefore, convex mirror is applied to act as a security mirror in blind junctions of roads or at corners of walls of bug buildings. The person that is approaching from other side would be shown when the mirror is positioned properly. 3.4.7 Rear-view mirror in an automobilehttp://transport-futures.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/rear-view-mirror.jpg Knowing that the size of image of an object would be smaller when the object comes closer to the convex mirror, this unique feature can be applied to use on automobiles as rear view mirrors so that the diver can clearly view an approaching vehicle. 3.4.8 Submarines PeriscopeC:UsersGaryDesktopreflecting Periscope.png A periscope is a mirror instrument for observation from a concealed position. It works by employing two mirrors at 45o to each other, reflecting light rays from one place to another and finally out to the persons eye. 4 Refraction 4.1 Law of Refraction Qualitatively, when a light wave, which in fact composed of oscillating Electric fields and Magnetic field, crosses from a low optically density medium, say vacuum into a high optically density medium, say glass, E-Field and B-Fields are altered in terms of magnitude and direction of travel by the charges in the glass. Law of refraction, however, can be proved mathematically as follows: The first medium is supposed to be faster than the second medium and the speeds of propagation in 1st medium and 2nd medium are and respectively, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n1, n2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1. C:UsersLenovoDropboxU life2012-13, year2, 1st semesterCCST 9042 The world of wavesSnellslaw_diagram2.png Then, we have to evaluate the time taken by light ray from P to Q, which is Based on Fermats Principle, light travels the path with the least time. Thus, in an attempt to minimize the transit time, we set the derivative of time is zero and we have: By trigonometry, we have As and, we have This is Law of refraction, also known as Snell-Descartes law. NB: Similar to law of reflection, the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993) 4.2 Total internal reflection According to Snells law, when a light travels from one a medium with a higher optical density, to a medium with a lower optical density, say from glass to air, it will be refracted away from the normal (i.e. Ray C in Fig 4.2a) and a weak internally reflected ray is, meanwhile, formed (i.e. Ray B in Fig 4.2a) C:UsersGaryDesktopà ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ 33.png Increasing the angle of incidence i increases the angle of refraction r, and at a certain angle of incidence c, called the critical angle, the reflected ray beam just emerges along the surface of the glass and the angle of refraction is 90o (i.e. Ray D in Fig 4.2b). In Fig 4.2 c, as the incident angle is increased continuously above critical angle (i.e. i > c), the refracted angle will be higher than 90o and sin r > 1, which is impossible and no refraction is possible. At this stage the internally reflected ray becomes bright and the refracted ray disappears. Hence, total internal reflection is now said to be occurring since all the incident light is reflected inside the optically denser medium. Mathematically, the critical angle can be found based on Snells law, which is Assume that n1 is refractive index of optically denser medium, n2 is refractive index of optically less dense medium, ÃŽÂ ¸1 is the critical angle of denser medium and ÃŽÂ ¸2 is the angle of refraction in less denser medium. All in all, for Total internal reflection to happen: Light must travel from denser medium to rarer medium. Angle of incidence should be greater than critical angle (i.e. i > c.) 4.3 Thin Lenses Thin lens is a lens that its axial thickness is small compared to the radii of curvature of its surfaces. (I.e. The thickness of the lens is negligible compared with the focal length of the lens) There are mainly two types of thin lenses, Converging thin lenses and Diverging thin lenses. Converging thin lenses, also known as convex lenses, direct parallel light rays bending toward one another after passing through them Diverging thin lenses, or so-called concave lenses, cause parallel light beams to spread as the leave the lens.http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6lXrPj04wfnztVlEvIlewlbzvIzhu_60Cup8oDYd840MY3w0SiOxnzxaVrQ 4.3.1 Image Formed by Thin Lenses 4.3.1.1 Convex Lens Ray DiagramFormation of Image by a Convex Lens Object is located between focus and lens The image is: Virtual Erect Magnifiedobject at F1 2. Object is located at focus The image is: Real Inverted Magnified 3. Object is located between focus and F2 The image is:object between F2 F1 Real Inverted Magnified 4. Object is located at F2object between O F2 The image is: Real Inverted Same size as the object 5. Object is located beyond F2object beyond F2 The image is: Real Inverted Diminished 6. Object is located at infinityobject infinity The image is: Real Inverted Highly diminished 4.3.1.2 Concave Lens Ray Diagram 1. Object is located between focus and mirrorconcave lens object F O The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 2. Object is located between mirror and infinityconcave lens object infinity O The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 3. Object is located at infinityconcave lens object at infinity The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 4.3.2 Derivation of the lens formula for thin lenses Gaussian lens formula, also known as lens formula, can be derived as follow: http://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/university_physics_notes/optics/university_physics_notes_proof_of_thin_lens_equation_html_5c3e1e20.gif As, (1) Where O is the size of the object and I is the size of the image. Also, Thus, Combine with (1), we have NB: The Cartesian Sign Convention for thin lens formulas are as follow: Light travels initially from left to right toward the lens. Object distance p is positive for real objects located to the left of the lens and negative for virtual objects located to the right of the lens. Image distance q is positive for real images formed to the right of the lens and negative for virtual images formed to the left of the lens. The focal length f is positive for a converging lens, negative for a diverging lens. The radius of curvature r is positive for a convex surface, negative for a concave surface. Transverse distances are positive above the optical axis, negative below (Katz, 2002) 4.3.3 Power of a Lens The optical power of the lens is used to describe the bending ability of lens in term of power. Basically the power of a lens of focal length f is, Power, in the case, can be expressed in m-1as the unit of power is diopter 1 D = 1m-1 Therefore, if there exists a convex of power 1D, its focal length equals to 1 meter. 4.4 Optical instruments 4.4.1 Prismshttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif/330px-Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif Optical prisms are components that commonly used in optical experimental arrangements and optical instruments, with the role of illustrating dispersion of light beams. Rather than showing the complicated mathematical proof such as derivation of minimum deviation, application of prism will be illustrated below. (Thorington, 2009) 4.4.1.1 Prism BinocularsC:UsersGaryDesktopprism.png Prism Binoculars consist of a pair of refracting astronomical telescopes with two totally reflecting prisms (angles 90o, 45o, and 45o) between each objective and eyepiece. Prism A causes lateral inversion and prism B inverts verticallt so that the final image is the same way round and the same way up as the object. (Thorington, 2009) 4.4.1.2 PeriscopeC:UsersGaryDesktoppp.png Periscope, apart from using two reflecting mirror, employs two prisms. Under the occurring of total internal reflection on the hypotenuse, the incident rays and reflected rays are symmetric with regard to a plane orthogonal to the hypotenuse. In the case of normal incidence on one side of the right angle, the incident and reflected beams are orthogonal. 4.4.2 Magnifying Glasshttp://blog.timesunion.com/opinion/files/2011/02/0217_WVinternet.jpg Magnifying glass, also called Simple microscope, consist of a converging lens forming a virtual, upright, magnified image of an object placed inside its principal focus. For an object of height h is viewed at the near point by the unaided eye, the visual angle is, where D is the least distance of distinct visionhttp://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_m367c081d.gif Now the object is placed at distance u from the lens, the visual angle subtended by its image is given by http://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_f9ca6a7.gif The angular magnification is, therefore, given by 4.4.3 Compound Microscope Compound Microscope is a kind of optical instrument that uses visible light and a lens system to magnify images of small samples. C:UsersGaryDesktopcompound micropound.png The lens L1 nearer to the object, called the objective, forms a real, magnified, inverted image I1 of an object O placed just outside its principal focus Fo. I1 is just inside the principal focus Fo of the second lens L2, called the eyepiece, which act as a magnifying glass and produces a magnified, virtual image I2 of I1. In normal adjustment, the final image I2 lies at the near point. Then the visual angle subtended by the final image to the eye is given by When the object of height h is placed at the near point and viewed unaided, the visual angle subtended by the object is given by Hence, the angular magnification is given by And since, the linear magnification is equal to the linear magnification of the objective x linear magnification of the eyepiece. (Giordano, 2011) 4.4.4 Refracting Astronomical Telescope Refracting Astronomical Telescope consists of two converging lenses; one is an objective with long focal length and the other an eyepiece with short focal length. The objective L1 forms a real, diminished, inverted image I1, of a distant object at its principal focus Fo since the rays incident on L1 from a point on such an object can be assumed parallel. The eyepiece L2 acts as a magnifying glass and forms a magnified, virtual image of I1 and, when the telescope is in normal adjustment, this image is at infinity. I1 must, therefore, be at the principal focus F2 of L2, hence F0 and F2 coincide. http://images.tutorvista.com/content/optics/astronomical-telescope-magnifying-power.jpeg From the above figure, we find that The visual angle subtended by the object is given by and the visual angle subtended by the object is given by, where h is the image height. Therefore, the angular magnification is For telescope in normal adjustment, the separation of the two lenses is the sum of the focal lengths. And this, the foci of the objective lens and the eye-piece must be at the same place. (Giordano, 2011) 4.4.5 Galilean Telescopehttp://www.transtutors.com/userfiles/image/ARUN/IMAGES/Gal.JPG Galilean Telescope consists of two lenses a converging objective of large focal length and a diverging eyepiece of small focal length The angular magnification is 5. Conclusion In this term paper, the concepts of geometric optics are included comprehensively such as law of reflection, refraction, formation of images in mirrors and lens, etc. The notion of a light ray and the scientific study of light are involved in a bid to illustrating the working principle of different mirror and optical instruments, such as various telescope, efficiently.

Helping Children Through Ronald Mcdonald House Charities English Literature Essay

Helping Children Through Ronald Mcdonald House Charities English Literature Essay As members of society we often take for granted the opportunities that are placed before us each and every day. Since we all appear the same, act accordingly, and appear normal we are treated and accepted as equal individuals(I would not use the word appear twice, it becomes clichà © in that sentence). However, individuals who are diagnosed with a disease or undergoing forms of treatment are judgmentally perceived(That is an over generalization). Individuals who appear different, are among the fastest growing rates for childhood illnesses and deaths(Rewrite sentence for clarity). Through nonprofit organizations, such as, Ronald McDonald House Charities, selfless individuals whom desire to seek and serve the less fortunate are given the opportunity to provide an atmosphere of normalcy for its patients and guests who are dealing with an illness or disability. The combined efforts of countless individuals have changed the lives of children all across the world. Statistics published in numerous medical journals have revealed the devastating impact in regards to childhood illnesses. Across the nation, cancer has been confirmed the number one cause for a disease related death among children (Rodgers 69). In 2007, approximately 10,400 children under the age of fifteen were diagnosed with cancer (National Cancer Institute) These are children that will never even see their own high school graduation. Oncologists have taken previous estimates to calculate the approximate number of children in 2009 that will be diagnosed cancer,theoretically speaking that number will be approximately 3,500 children(You formed this sentence describing a simple projection, in a very convoluted way). Assuming that these projected numbers will continue unchanged for years to come, less and less children will able to experience what most assume to be an ordinary future. Young people should live knowing that they have their whole lives ahead of them, but rather, a child diagnosed with cancer must cope with the agony and apprehension of death that the disease proposes, if effect sabotaging lifes course of action. In addition to cancer related diseases that are overpowering children in society, Cerebral Palsy also plays a significant role. Cerebral Palsy takes shape in nearly 10,000 babies per year in the United States. This ratio can seem minimal, considering how many children are in the United States, however this can come to represent that every two in three children per 1,000 will develop the disease(two in three per 1000 huh? That makes no sense, need to fix). Children that live healthy lives are costly, considering that they require endless essentials such as, food, clothing, and school supplies, and other miscellaneous items. Imagining the expenditure for a child with a disability and to accommodate their needs is almost unreal. Accommodating for a child with Cerebral Palsy can lead to a lifetime cost of near million dollars. In these harsh economical times, parents can be hindered from providing their children the nessecities of a decent life. Parents and children alike need an enviro nment where they can live happily, and healthily. Camp Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake can reduce the costs associated with a disability, and provide one life changing week for a child. With a payment of two hundred dollars per child, one can participate in five program areas consisting of: arts and crafts, outdoor education, sports, waterfront, and drama which enable campers to do things that may not be possible to accomplish on an everyday basis (Flaig, Vicky 1). In addition to the recreational activities, meals and housing (cabins) are also included. Camp Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake also provides assiduousness(Try to find alternate word) and compassion for many other disabilities. Among the eight weeks that the camp is staffed it serves different age groups and a variety of disabilities. During four of the eight weeks the camp provides for individuals with Downs syndrome. The camp is not specific toward any particular age groups because there are such a wide range of individuals with disabilities. If one was to predict that Downs syndrome were to occur in one of eight hundred births then the break down would thus yield: 340,000 per year, 28,333 per month, 6,538 per week, 931 per day, and 38 per hour that would be impacted with Cerebral Palsy (Rynders 88). Children that are faced with this particular disorder also endeavor a higher risk of inhabiting additional illnesses, some of which include: heart disease, gastrointestinal conditions, respiratory disorders, eye problems, endocrine disorders, and neurological problems (Rynders 63-70). With such large estimates, it is essential that places like Camp Ronald McDonald provide a positive atmosphere for less fortunate individuals. Disorders and diseases are not so uncommon but because of their familiarity to some they have led to the creation of innovative environments.(Im not sure that fits in the paragraphà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Visionary creations no matter the size are greatly appreciated. A wise man once said, Be the change you wish to see in the world. Ghandi had a vision to inspire the world to achieve greatness through making changes that would mean something powerful to themselves. People that are continuously making changes in the world and impacting the lives of the people all around them are charities. One story in particular tells of a father who was an advent runner whose daughter was diagnosed with cancer. Unfortunately his daughter was taken by the disease while she and her family were staying in the Ronald McDonald House. Her father ran over two thousand miles, from Main to Florida, to help raise money for the Ronald McDonald House (Ronald McDonald House Charities). Although, his daughter eventually lost the battle with cancer, he was greatly impacted by the fact that the Ronald McDonald House would essentially give him a home to live in and be near his daughter during her last days. People have described the Ronald McDonald House as A home away from home. The Ronald McDonald House does not require a payment but asks for a five dollar donation a day. A person who stays at the house receives a room, meals, activities, and laundry services for as long as they may need to stay at the house. Tommy is not the only individual who has been impacted by the charity. Other individuals such as Joseph Krupski have had remarkable experiences at the camp too. Joseph was diagnosed with a rare form of leukemia which required him to have multiple bone marrow transplants. As a young boy, Joseph was terrified by the road that was ahead of him. Jerry an on site the golden labradoodle (Labrador and poodle mix) that was stationed at the house where Joseph stayed. Jerrys wagging tail and congenial facial expressions always seemed to calm Joseph and uplift his spirits before undergoing both of his bone marrow transplants. Joseph and his family like to think that it was Jerrys presence t hat led him to be fully recovered today (Ronald McDonald House Charities). These are not the only stories that are being told about the impact that Ronald McDonald House Charities has had on people and their families, but these are stories that will become legacies because they will never be forgotten. They will continue to be an inspiration for those seeking help for their children struggling with illnesses. One charity can change the world, and can help others to become inspired to also make a difference. Ronald McDonald House was inspired by a milkshake and a girl named Kim who was undergoing treatments for leukemia. The first house was opened in 1974 in Philadelphia, thanks to Dr. Audrey Evans and Philadelphia Eagles player Fred Hill (Kims Father). The Eagles general manager Jim Murray and the McDonalds regional manager, Ed Rensi had a helping hand in making this home become a living reality (Ronald McDonald House Charities). Through profits from the McDonalds milkshakes, the house was opened so that Kims father Fred hill could have a comforting place to stay while his daughter was receiving treatment for Leukemia at a nearby childrens hospital. The house became a rapid expansion for other families to stay while their children were receiving treatment for various conditions. Throughout the years, one persons vision has become a home to many individuals in their time of need. Once a charity uprooted it often sparks ideas for new services and other accommodations. Among some of these new adaptations created by Ronald McDonald House Charities, is something this is one of the two in the entire world, Camp Ronald McDonald [at Eagle Lake](sentence makes little coherent sense). Throughout the course of eight weeks children and adults with developmental disabilities, that have been sexually abused, have Muscular Dystrophy, are deaf, have Downs syndrome, or Autism, and Cerebral Palsy are served (Camp Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake). Disabilities are not limited, so camps need to be accessible for a wide range of disabilities to help give everyone an equal chance to attend. Camp Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake has a vision to, Provide confidence-building experiences and programs that are designed to support each campers individuality through the challenges of outdoor group living and teamwork in a supportive environment (Camp Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake and Ronald McDonald House Charities). Within this vision there is a mission to break down any barriers that are present, experience activities that any normal individual would get to be involved with, and have a week of no worries at all. A contributing factor for providing an environment specific to particular individuals is understanding their needs and characteristics. According to Careers in Child Care by Mary Kruhm, One must be willing to treat all children equally. All children have needs. All children have strengths. The strengths and needs of some children are more easily seen than those of others. A child care workers job is to build on each childs strengths while helping him or her with their needs. Camp Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake understands that the needs and strengths of a disabled person are different than those of a high functioning individual, but should not be displayed like they are different. Therefore, camp allows the participants to do and accomplish anything that an able person would be able to do at camp. This is a unique place in which children begin to say I can, while enjoying all the elements that Mother Nature has to offer (Ronald McDonald House Charities of Northern California). In addi tion EDGE(which is?) parents described in Rynders(which is?) piece explain that children with Downs syndrome Have a sustainable capacity for increasing active participation if we can facilitate it somehow. Camp Ronald McDonald makes it possible for an increase in activity to be accomplished by providing an environment that can promote an active lifestyle. Camp Ronald McDonald makes a difference in the lives of every individual that undergoes the program because they give them what they destine for, a life of normalcy. Although Ronald McDonald House Charities does provide for many individuals, there are many other organizations that promotes for the stead fast effort to aid children with aliments. A group promoting a compliant place for children with cancer is the Wall Gang Camp located in Connecticut. The camp is not limited to only children with cancer but also those with other blood diseases. The camp was named for the gang that was made famous in the 1969 film, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, featured with Paul Neman and Robert Redford. The camp was founded through use of profits from the sales of products derived from Paul Newmans own personal recipes. The camp is positioned on three hundred acres and is a sports and recreation center for young people. Since this is a nonprofit organization, the children are supervised by volunteer doctors, nurses, and the chief pediatrician at Yale New Haven Hospital (Rodgers 76). Cancer is a destructive disease that causes many children to conjure up tho ughts of the worst possible outcomes.. Recreational exhibits such as the Wall Gang Camp can relieve a child of their worst fears. In addition to recreational facilities supplementary facilities are providing for children by making other services available. One facility in particular has made available emotional guidance and opportunities to talk out the emotional downfall associated with cancer patients, as well as, shield the legal rights of cancer patients and survivors. In particular, the New England Medical Centers Floating hospital for children has a program designated for brothers, sisters, and other family members of cancer patients to help relieve them of any anxiety, loneliness, and anger that is felt over the attention that they feel their sick siblings are receiving. In addition to providing counseling, the hospital invites the brothers and sisters of young cancer patients to witness the treatments their siblings are enduring on a stimulus teddy bear (Rodgers 77). Helping children understand what their family members are going through allows them to accept that it is necessary for them to receive additional attention in order to cure them of the disease that is rapidly taking over their body. Medical centers specifically formatted for children with illnesses often lead to the acceptance of what is happening with their changing bodies. Unlike other organizations, nonprofit organizations have to be self sufficient to provide for members in the community. Such organizations have to be primarily funded through grants or monetary donations. Generally nonprofit organizations count on donations from large corporations. Organizations that have multiple branches or additional areas within their charities such as Ronald McDonald House Charities, are in need of volunteers which fulfill a large role to helping their charity run successfully. For example, Camp Ronald McDonald uses volunteers to help with meals, activities, as counselors in the cabins, and in program areas. Ronald McDonald House Charities also relies on volunteers to cook the meals for the guests, host on-site events, office assistants, house assistants, and such (Flaig, Vicky 2). Nonprofit organizations also understand that without others generosity, their contributions of zeal to society would not be possible. Ronald McDonald House has awarded over one millio n dollars in grants to organizations and programs over the last several years. An occurrence often sparks an idea for change or to create something new for the greater good of humanity. Charities become charities because of things such as high statistic rates, economical increases, and to provide equality for disabled individuals. Reflecting back on the high statistics of children between the ages of zero and fifteen that are diagnosed with leukemia, or are faced with the challenges of Downs syndrome and cerebral palsy, it is evident that it is of keen importance to have facilities for children to attend that make them feel like they are living the lives just as any other individual in the world would be able to do. Although, individuals are different by looks we are still all humans equally hoping for a prosperous life, those with mental and physical disabilities should not be rejected by society nor should they be thought of as the lesser equal because they act differently than others may. Charities do not use harsh words, or unfair judgment to view individuals in society, but rather honesty and acceptance to provide for those who are not being provided for. It is because of charities like Ronald McDonald House Charities, and the Wall Gang Camp that understand that the disabled make up a large percentage of our population and that they must have an environment where physical and mental barriers are removed, and acceptance is found. Overall it was a great paper, I tried not correct too much. I wanted it to still be you, and not turn into me telling the storyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Everything that is red, is what I added, but the phrases inside the parenthesis are merely suggestionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Good luck, and youll do great!!!